October 2021

Erosion is a natural process in which Earth’s surface is worn away by the elements. Rainfall is the major erosive force on Earth’s land surfaces, causing rivers to erode valleys, transport sediment and reshape the landscape, but wind is also an important driver of erosion. The work of the other two agents of erosion waves […]

Landslides are among the most common types of geologic hazards. A landslide is an event in which a mass of rock, soil and/or debris moves down a slope. The velocity at which the landslide travels is dependent on the cohesion between the grains or particles that make up the landslide (cohesion is how well grains

Mass movements are typically associated with the greatest loss of life, whether natural or man-made. These movements of mineral material are often composed of rock fragments ranging from mud to boulders, however not all types of mass movements are necessarily composed of rock. That means, air, water or ice do not carry debris with them

Weathering processes are geologic processes that break down rocks, minerals and soils into smaller fragments. Weathering is the process in the cycle of erosion or ‘spreading’ of sediments or rocks. It is the opposite of deposition with respect to solid–liquid equilibrium. Weathering is most commonly driven by physical abrasion, chemical dissolution, acid dissolution, biological activity,

Biological activity is primarily responsible for the water-transfer processes involved in rock and soil erosion and sedimentation. It is also involved in many of the chemical reactions contributing to weathering and erosion, although less conspicuously than physical and chemical agents. Only a few or even a single trace of some ions or salts may be

Physical weathering of rocks happens on a small scale that can be easily overlooked. Weathering is the process that slowly decompose rocks into small particles. There are many types of physical weathering in nature, but the most notable weathering processes include exfoliation, freeze-thaw cycles, abrasion, root expansion, and wet-dry cycles. Physical or mechanical weathering processes

Chemical weathering of rocks is largely responsible for the creation of soil. Along with physical disintegration of rocks, chemical processes involve the breakdown of minerals by acids of various kinds. Weathering transforms a proportion of solid particles into clay and water-soluble forms of minerals, leaving a mixture that has a smaller proportion of solids. Water

By definition, weathering is the disintegration of rocks through chemical and physical processes. There are several ways in which this can occur including, but not limited to, frost shattering, thermal stress cracking, freeze-thaw cycling, chemical attack (liquids), salt attack (presence of chloride), action of acid rain and human factors. This separation occurs through the mechanical

The patterns of geomorphic processes are determined by the exogenic and endogenic forces, will differ according to the changes in climate, geography, morphology, lithology, terrain both natural and anthropogenic activities. Endogenic Processes The term endogenic describes the energy radiating from within the earth that is responsible for shaping Earth’s geomorphic features. Endogenic processes or endogenesis