Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common group of viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes. It is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide.
There are more than 200 types of HPV, and they generally fall into two categories:
1. Low-Risk HPV: – These types are known for causing benign issues like warts.
– The most common ones are HPV-6 and HPV-11, which lead to genital warts.
2. High-Risk HPV: – These can result in certain cancers if they go untreated.
– HPV-16 and HPV-18 are the most well-known, accounting for around 70% of cervical cancer cases.
How HPV Spreads:
- Sexual Contact: Through vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
- Skin-to-Skin Contact: Even without penetration.
- Non-Sexual Transmission: Rare but possible through shared contaminated objects.
Health Risks and Associated Conditions:
- Genital Warts:
- Painless, fleshy growths in the genital or anal area caused by low-risk HPV.
- Cervical Cancer:
- Most cases of cervical cancer are linked to persistent HPV infection.
- HPV can also cause cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus, penis, and throat.
- Oropharyngeal Cancer:
- HPV can cause cancer in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils.
HPV Vaccination:
Vaccines Available:
- Gardasil 9: Protects against 9 HPV types, including high-risk types (HPV-16, 18) and low-risk types (HPV-6, 11).
- Cervarix: Protects against HPV-16 and HPV-18.
Recommended Age:
- Ideally given between 9–14 years for both boys and girls before they become sexually active.
- Can be administered up to age 45 in some cases.
HPV Testing and Screening:
- Pap Smear (Pap Test):
- Detects abnormal cervical cells.
- Recommended for women starting at age 21.
- HPV DNA Test:
- Identifies high-risk HPV strains.
- Often used in conjunction with Pap smears.
Prevention:
- Vaccination: Most effective form of prevention.
- Safe Sex Practices: Use of condoms and dental dams reduces the risk.
- Regular Screening: Early detection of precancerous changes.
Myths vs. Facts:
Myth: HPV only affects women.
Fact: HPV affects both men and women and can lead to cancers in both.
Myth: The vaccine is only for teenagers.
Fact: The vaccine is recommended for young adults and can be given up to 45 years of age.
Impact of Vaccination:
Widespread vaccination has significantly reduced the incidence of HPV-related cancers and genital warts globally.