NASA’s GRAIL mission, launched in 2011, has helped solve the puzzle of the Moon’s asymmetrical appearance.Using dual satellites Ebb and Flow, the mission mapped the Moon’s gravity field, revealing that the nearside has a thinner crust, higher heat levels, and was more volcanically active due to heat-producing elements like thorium and titanium.In contrast, the farside […]

India and Japan’s Chandrayaan-5 (also called LUPEX) mission is advancing to the design phase, aiming to detect water and water-ice at the Moon’s south pole.Scheduled for launch in 2027–28 on Japan’s H3 rocket, the 6.5-tonne lander and a 350-kg rover equipped with seven instruments (from ISRO, JAXA, ESA, and NASA) will perform in-situ scientific experiments.The

The Samudrayaan mission marks a historic step for India in the field of deep-sea exploration, combining advanced indigenous technology and scientific research to explore ocean depths of 6,000 meters.With objectives spanning resource exploration, marine biodiversity study, and strategic maritime presence, the mission positions India among a handful of nations with manned ocean exploration capabilities.This initiative