Recent statistics from 43 cancer registries across India indicate that the lifetime risk of developing cancer stands at 11%. In 2024, there were approximately 15.6 lakh new cancer diagnoses and 8.74 lakh deaths reported. These registries represent about 10% to 18% of the population in 23 states and Union Territories. The results highlight significant trends in the types of cancers, regional differences, and risk factors, all of which are crucial for shaping healthcare policies and strategies.
Cancer Burden in India
When it comes to cancer cases in India, there’s a noticeable gender disparity. Women make up 51.1% of the cases but account for only 45% of the deaths. This difference is mainly due to the prevalence of cancers like breast and cervical cancer in women, which are typically easier to detect early and treat successfully. On the other hand, men are more likely to face aggressive cancers such as lung and gastric cancer, which are often harder to catch in the early stages.
Shift in Common Cancer Types
Interestingly, oral cancer has now taken the lead as the most common cancer among Indian men, overtaking lung cancer. This shift is happening even as tobacco use has decreased from 34.6% to 28.6% between 2009-10 and 2016-17. The long latency period associated with cancer, along with other risk factors like alcohol consumption, plays a significant role in this trend. Alcohol not only raises the risk of various cancers but when combined with tobacco, it further heightens that risk.
Regional Variations and Risk Factors
The Northeast region shows the highest cancer incidence, including cervical, lung (in women), and oral cancers. High tobacco use, unique dietary habits like fermented pork fat and smoked meats, and consumption of very spicy foods and hot beverages contribute to this pattern. Additionally, infections such as Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis, salmonella typhi, and Human papillomavirus (HPV) are prevalent and linked to certain cancers.
State-wise Cancer Risk
Mizoram has the highest lifetime cancer risk in India, with 21.1% in men and 18.9% in women, far above the national average. Other regions also show varying incidences of specific cancers such as breast, cervical, lung, oral, and prostate cancers, reflecting diverse environmental and lifestyle factors.
Policy and Healthcare Implications
These findings guide the planning of cancer care under programmes like Ayushman Bharat. Emphasis is on strengthening screening at primary health centres, improving tertiary care, and organising targeted camps. In the Northeast, a comprehensive approach is needed, including healthcare infrastructure, community engagement, lifestyle changes, and awareness campaigns.
Importance of Early Detection and Prevention
Screening and early diagnosis are crucial. Breast cancer, which accounts for 30% of cases, can be detected early through screening. Cervical cancer rates remain high, underscoring the need for HPV vaccination and enhanced screening. According to the World Health Organization, 30% to 50% of cancers are preventable by managing risk factors and applying evidence-based strategies.
