UPSC Notes

Generally, the caves that extend into the cliff beyond the level of highest high tides are called sea caves. The sea caves can be classified as overhanging and underhanging caves, the former being those whose roofs overlie than their openings and the latter being those whose roof and opening line up. Sea caves are formed

There are different types of coasts which are defined by the type of bedrock. Low sedimentary coasts are ones which are formed over plain sedimentary rocks. The coasts are usually smooth with occasional incursions of water in the form of lagoons and tidal creeks. Low sedimentary coasts may have a few scattered islands that have

Coasts, waves break with great force against the land shaping the hill sides into cliffs. Rocky coasts are found in high mountainous regions where steep hills plunge directly into the sea. Along the high rocky coasts, the rivers appear to have been drowned with highly irregular coastline. The coastline appears highly indented with extension of

A current is a movement of water. Currents can occur in oceans, seas, and rivers. In coastal waters, tides cause the greatest daily changes in water currents. Coastal currents are intricately tied to winds, waves, and land formations. Winds that blow along the shoreline—longshore winds—affect waves and, therefore, currents. The friction between the sea floor

Pools, Sinkholes, Lapies and Limestone Pavements Pool, also known as a sink, a sinking, a plunge or a bottomless pit. A pool is a depression in the ground caused by a natural process called dissolution in which water gradually erodes the surface beneath it creating a cave but never reaching all the way down to

Percolation is the way in which water moves through solids. Rain seeps into the ground and groundwater flows towards the streams to become surface water or seeps into the underground reservoir, or aquifer. The water then moves through pores within the rock. This process of groundwater movement is called percolation, and it can be observed

There are two types of sedimentary landforms: depositional and erosional. Depositional landforms result from layers of sediment being deposited by water, wind or ice. Erosional features occur when the mechanical actions of glaciers, rivers and waves have removed materials from the earth’s surface, the action having been defined as either “Abrasion” or “Scouring”. 1. Alluvial

There are numerous types of landforms; we’ll be starting with the erosional because they make up the majority of “land.” Erosional landforms include headlands, bays, caves, arches, stacks, stumps and wave-cut platforms. There are also depositional landforms such as beaches, spits and bars. Normally when we think about landforms we think about their shape and

Water flows over the land surface in much the same way as it flows over a carpet, following paths of least resistance. The difference is that water slowly erodes the land where the flow is concentrated. Overland flow tends to be concentrated along roads, railway banks and contours. Depending upon irregularities of the land surface,

Water is one of the most destructive agents in nature. It flows almost everywhere over the land surface, leaving its mark by eroding solids, dissolving minerals, and picking up debris. This running water dissolves rock, picks up soil particles, and carries them downstream as suspended load. It also washes away subsurface soils with tributary gullies